Water Quality in the United States

The safe and reliable water supply we enjoy across the U.S. is the result of decades of work by public and private institutions, and legislators. The essential nature of this work is the reason public water utilities, such as ours, are regulated.

But water quality isn’t something that can be taken for granted. We’re seeing that changes in our environment and the way we use water are having negative impacts on supply. And we’re more aware that what we put down our drains and throw into our rivers and lakes can have far-reaching impacts on water quality. So, the more we learn about water quality, the more we can ensure generations to come will enjoy the same quality of life we do.

Please visit the Water Quality Reports page for all testing results for your community.

The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)

In 1974, the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) was passed by the U.S. Congress. Its mandate is to protect the quality of the nation’s drinking water, and is administered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The Act covers all groundwater and surface water actually or potentially destined for human consumption. All regulated water utilities are governed by the SDWA, but private wells and bottled water are not.

The SDWA sets standards for water quality by identifying potentially harmful drinking water contaminants and setting allowable limits. These federal standards must be met by state and local legislators, however; these may enact more stringent standards or include contaminants not covered by the SDWA.

National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWRs)

The ‘Primary’ contaminants below are those the EPA monitors closely for potential human health impacts. Some contaminants, like microorganisms, can appear in any water supply, while others might be specific to an area, or even a single well.

Microorganisms
Viruses and bacteria that may come from plant and animal contact, agricultural operations, septic systems, and sewage treatment plants. These contaminants are the most likely to lead to Boil Water Advisories. Examples: coliform bacteria, cryptosporidium, enteric viruses, giardia, legionella, etc.

Disinfectants & By-products
Elements that may be used in the treatment of drinking water or produced during the treatment process. Examples: chlorine, haloacetic acids, trihalomethanes, etc.

Inorganic Chemicals
Naturally occurring salts and metals, or from human activity, such as urban stormwater runoff, wastewater discharges, herbicides and pesticides, oil and gas production, mining, or agriculture. Examples: arsenic, copper, fluoride, lead, mercury, nitrate, nitrite, etc. Learn more about lead contamination below.

Organic Chemicals
Manufactured synthetic and volatile organic chemicals, such as by-products of industrial processes, petroleum production, herbicides, pesticides, gas station discharges, urban stormwater runoff, and septic systems. Examples: benzene, dioxin, PCBs, styrene, toluene, vinyl chloride, etc. Learn more about Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) below.

Radionuclides
Naturally occurring radioactive elements, or as the result of oil and gas production and mining activities. Examples: alpha particles, beta particles and photon emitters, radium, and uranium.

All drinking water (even bottled water) may contain minute amounts of contaminants, but their presence alone doesn’t mean they pose a health risk. In fact, in small quantities some can have health benefits and enhance water’s taste.

National Secondary Drinking Water Regulations (NSDWRs)

In addition to NPDWRs, the EPA issues guidelines for drinking water contaminants that may have aesthetic effects (taste, odor, or color), or may cause cosmetic effects in people, such as staining or discoloring skin and teeth. The EPA doesn’t require water systems to comply with these guidelines, however; states may choose to adopt and regulate them.

Contaminants of National Concern

Most chemical contaminants identified by the EPA are localized in their impact and can be traced to a single source. But two substances are more widespread. The first, the metal lead, is still present in many home plumbing systems. The second, Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS), are a new concern we’ve only just identified and beginning to understand.

Lead

Lead is a naturally occurring element, and civilizations have used it and known about its toxicity for centuries. It was used extensively in the U.S. in a variety of products such as paints, pottery, food utensils, and most notably, plumbing. It was only in the 1980s that a concerted effort to reduce and eliminate lead from the environment began.

Lead is toxic to humans and other forms of life, and the body has difficulty ridding itself of lead, so it accumulates over a person’s lifetime. But even minute amounts can pose a significant risk to human health. Lead poisoning can cause permanent damage to the brain, with pregnant women and children particularly at risk, as fetuses and children absorb lead easily and the developing brain is more vulnerable. In adults, lead can affect red blood cell production and cause kidney damage.

While you may see recommendations on how to reduce your exposure to lead, health authorities and the EPA have stated that virtually no amount of lead is considered safe, and the only definitive solution is to eliminate the source of lead entirely.

Lead in Drinking Water

Up until the 1980s, lead was commonly used in plumbing pipes, solders, and fixtures (particularly those made of brass). As these components age and corrode, greater amounts of lead leach into the water, particularly when water is left standing in pipes for longer periods.

In the late 80s, the EPA began controlling the use of lead in plumbing products, and in 1991, it issued the Lead and Copper Rule, which put in place legislation to test and control for lead in public water supplies. All regulated water utilities, such as ours, are governed by the Lead and Copper Rule. The result has been the virtual elimination of lead contamination in public water systems, however; lead continues to be a concern in home and commercial plumbing.

Plumbing in homes and businesses built before the late 1980s, and not having undergone more recent renovations, have a significant likelihood of some level of lead contamination. One serious source of lead in the home are lead service lines – the pipe that connects your property to the public watermain. These pipes are typically the responsibility of the property owner, so have not come under the same scrutiny as public water systems.

What We’re Doing About Lead in Drinking Water

We take lead contamination seriously as its health impacts are serious. Fortunately, we know a lot about lead and how to eliminate it from our systems. Our yearly EPA-mandated testing ensures that lead levels in source water and through our treatment and distribution systems meet or are below EPA allowable limits. Details of this testing can be found in your community Water Quality Reports.

But our ability to test for lead typically stops at the homeowner’s property line, and your drinking water may still be contaminated by plumbing pipes and fixtures in the home. Recent amendments to the EPA’s Lead and Copper Rule require public utilities to survey and collect information about lead in their customers’ systems, especially the existence of lead service lines (LSLs).

You can learn more about lead, lead service lines, how to test if your home’s plumbing may contain lead, and our Customer Lead Survey on the Lead & Lead Service Lines page.

More Information on Lead

Authoritative information about lead can be found on the EPA's website, including links to other resources.

Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS)

Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) are a group of man-made chemicals that includes PFOA, PFOS, GenX, and many other chemicals. Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) and Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS) have been the most extensively produced and studied of these chemicals. Over time, both chemicals have become widely distributed in the environment and have accumulated in the blood of humans and wildlife.

PFAS have been manufactured and used around the globe since the 1940s. They were (and are) used to make carpets, clothing, fabrics for furniture, paper packaging for food and other materials (e.g., cookware) that are resistant to water, grease, or stains. They are also used in firefighting foam at airfields and in several industrial processes. They are persistent in the environment and in the human body, and humans can be exposed to these chemicals in house dust, indoor and outdoor air, food, and drinking water.

PFAS and Human Health

Most people have been exposed to PFAS and some can accumulate and stay in the body for a long time. PFAS exposure can occur through different ways including using products such as food packaging, stain resistant carpeting and upholstery, water repellent clothing, etc.  People may be exposed by eating food grown or raised in PFAS contaminated soil or water, including agricultural products, wild game, and fish. And people living near sites where a release of PFAS has occurred may be exposed through air or soil, or through consumption of drinking water contaminated by PFAS.

As a result, the level of PFAS may increase to the point where it causes adverse health effects. Studies indicate that elevated levels of certain PFAS may lead to increased cholesterol levels, changes in liver enzymes, decreased vaccine response in children, increased risk of high blood pressure or pre-eclampsia in pregnant women, and increased risk of kidney and testicular cancers.

U.S. EPA Guidelines

In June 2022, the EPA lowered their Health Advisory Levels for PFOA, PFOS, PFBS and GenX chemicals. Health advisories identify potential human health impacts from contaminants found in water, guidance on ways to measure those contaminants, and potential treatments to remove them.

On March 29, 2023, the EPA issued a proposed regulation to set maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) for PFOS and PFOA, in addition to PFBS, HFPO, PFNA and PFHxS. The proposed MCLs for each analyte are more stringent than the EPA’s initial Health Advisory Levels (HALs) for PFOS and PFOA. For the other analytes, the EPA is proposing a MCL using a Hazard Index, a calculation that evaluates risk posed by a mixture of these 4 contaminants.

The proposed MCLs are currently undergoing public comment, and changes may be made by the EPA before they are final. As the EPA finalizes new water quality regulations, we will make necessary improvements or treatment adjustments to comply with the new standards.

What We’re Doing About PFAS in Drinking Water 

We have proactively reported PFOS & PFOA results annually since 2020. We are currently sampling for the additional chemicals and will make all data available to you on the Water Quality Reports page — where you can find historical PFAS data as well as your Annual Water Quality Report.

Our technical team is committed to collaborating with regulators and we'll continue to assess the presence of these compounds in our systems, as well as cost-effective ways to reduce them where they exceed EPA and state limits.

More Information on PFAS

• Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
• National Toxicology Program
• Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)

If you have additional questions or concerns, please contact us at PFASquestions@corix.com.